--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/Orthanc/Core/Toolbox.cpp	Mon Jan 04 14:21:51 2016 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,1386 @@
+/**
+ * Orthanc - A Lightweight, RESTful DICOM Store
+ * Copyright (C) 2012-2016 Sebastien Jodogne, Medical Physics
+ * Department, University Hospital of Liege, Belgium
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+ * License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * In addition, as a special exception, the copyright holders of this
+ * program give permission to link the code of its release with the
+ * OpenSSL project's "OpenSSL" library (or with modified versions of it
+ * that use the same license as the "OpenSSL" library), and distribute
+ * the linked executables. You must obey the GNU General Public License
+ * in all respects for all of the code used other than "OpenSSL". If you
+ * modify file(s) with this exception, you may extend this exception to
+ * your version of the file(s), but you are not obligated to do so. If
+ * you do not wish to do so, delete this exception statement from your
+ * version. If you delete this exception statement from all source files
+ * in the program, then also delete it here.
+ * 
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ * General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ **/
+
+
+#include "PrecompiledHeaders.h"
+#include "Toolbox.h"
+
+#include "OrthancException.h"
+#include "Logging.h"
+
+#include <string>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <boost/filesystem.hpp>
+#include <boost/filesystem/fstream.hpp>
+#include <boost/uuid/sha1.hpp>
+#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+#if BOOST_HAS_DATE_TIME == 1
+#include <boost/date_time/posix_time/posix_time.hpp>
+#endif
+
+#if BOOST_HAS_REGEX == 1
+#include <boost/regex.hpp> 
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <process.h>   // For "_spawnvp()" and "_getpid()"
+#else
+#include <unistd.h>    // For "execvp()"
+#include <sys/wait.h>  // For "waitpid()"
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
+#include <mach-o/dyld.h> /* _NSGetExecutablePath */
+#include <limits.h>      /* PATH_MAX */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__linux) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+#include <limits.h>      /* PATH_MAX */
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+#if BOOST_HAS_LOCALE != 1
+#error Since version 0.7.6, Orthanc entirely relies on boost::locale
+#endif
+
+#include <boost/locale.hpp>
+
+
+#if !defined(ORTHANC_ENABLE_MD5) || ORTHANC_ENABLE_MD5 == 1
+#include "../Resources/ThirdParty/md5/md5.h"
+#endif
+
+
+#if !defined(ORTHANC_ENABLE_BASE64) || ORTHANC_ENABLE_BASE64 == 1
+#include "../Resources/ThirdParty/base64/base64.h"
+#endif
+
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER < 1800)
+// Patch for the missing "_strtoll" symbol when compiling with Visual Studio < 2013
+extern "C"
+{
+  int64_t _strtoi64(const char *nptr, char **endptr, int base);
+  int64_t strtoll(const char *nptr, char **endptr, int base)
+  {
+    return _strtoi64(nptr, endptr, base);
+  } 
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#if ORTHANC_PUGIXML_ENABLED == 1
+#include "ChunkedBuffer.h"
+#include <pugixml.hpp>
+#endif
+
+
+namespace Orthanc
+{
+  static bool finish;
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+  static BOOL WINAPI ConsoleControlHandler(DWORD dwCtrlType)
+  {
+    // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms683242(v=vs.85).aspx
+    finish = true;
+    return true;
+  }
+#else
+  static void SignalHandler(int)
+  {
+    finish = true;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  void Toolbox::USleep(uint64_t microSeconds)
+  {
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    ::Sleep(static_cast<DWORD>(microSeconds / static_cast<uint64_t>(1000)));
+#elif defined(__linux) || defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+    usleep(microSeconds);
+#else
+#error Support your platform here
+#endif
+  }
+
+
+  static void ServerBarrierInternal(const bool* stopFlag)
+  {
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    SetConsoleCtrlHandler(ConsoleControlHandler, true);
+#else
+    signal(SIGINT, SignalHandler);
+    signal(SIGQUIT, SignalHandler);
+    signal(SIGTERM, SignalHandler);
+#endif
+  
+    // Active loop that awakens every 100ms
+    finish = false;
+    while (!(*stopFlag || finish))
+    {
+      Toolbox::USleep(100 * 1000);
+    }
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    SetConsoleCtrlHandler(ConsoleControlHandler, false);
+#else
+    signal(SIGINT, NULL);
+    signal(SIGQUIT, NULL);
+    signal(SIGTERM, NULL);
+#endif
+  }
+
+
+  void Toolbox::ServerBarrier(const bool& stopFlag)
+  {
+    ServerBarrierInternal(&stopFlag);
+  }
+
+  void Toolbox::ServerBarrier()
+  {
+    const bool stopFlag = false;
+    ServerBarrierInternal(&stopFlag);
+  }
+
+
+  void Toolbox::ToUpperCase(std::string& s)
+  {
+    std::transform(s.begin(), s.end(), s.begin(), toupper);
+  }
+
+
+  void Toolbox::ToLowerCase(std::string& s)
+  {
+    std::transform(s.begin(), s.end(), s.begin(), tolower);
+  }
+
+
+  void Toolbox::ToUpperCase(std::string& result,
+                            const std::string& source)
+  {
+    result = source;
+    ToUpperCase(result);
+  }
+
+  void Toolbox::ToLowerCase(std::string& result,
+                            const std::string& source)
+  {
+    result = source;
+    ToLowerCase(result);
+  }
+
+
+  void Toolbox::ReadFile(std::string& content,
+                         const std::string& path) 
+  {
+    if (!boost::filesystem::is_regular_file(path))
+    {
+      LOG(ERROR) << std::string("The path does not point to a regular file: ") << path;
+      throw OrthancException(ErrorCode_RegularFileExpected);
+    }
+
+    boost::filesystem::ifstream f;
+    f.open(path, std::ifstream::in | std::ifstream::binary);
+    if (!f.good())
+    {
+      throw OrthancException(ErrorCode_InexistentFile);
+    }
+
+    // http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/istream/tellg/
+    f.seekg(0, std::ios::end);
+    std::streamsize size = f.tellg();
+    f.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
+
+    content.resize(size);
+    if (size != 0)
+    {
+      f.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&content[0]), size);
+    }
+
+    f.close();
+  }
+
+
+  void Toolbox::WriteFile(const void* content,
+                          size_t size,
+                          const std::string& path)
+  {
+    boost::filesystem::ofstream f;
+    f.open(path, std::ofstream::binary);
+    if (!f.good())
+    {
+      throw OrthancException(ErrorCode_CannotWriteFile);
+    }
+
+    if (size != 0)
+    {
+      f.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(content), size);
+    }
+
+    f.close();
+  }
+
+
+  void Toolbox::WriteFile(const std::string& content,
+                          const std::string& path)
+  {
+    WriteFile(content.size() > 0 ? content.c_str() : NULL,
+              content.size(), path);
+  }
+
+
+  void Toolbox::RemoveFile(const std::string& path)
+  {
+    if (boost::filesystem::exists(path))
+    {
+      if (boost::filesystem::is_regular_file(path))
+      {
+        boost::filesystem::remove(path);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        throw OrthancException(ErrorCode_RegularFileExpected);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+  void Toolbox::SplitUriComponents(UriComponents& components,
+                                   const std::string& uri)
+  {
+    static const char URI_SEPARATOR = '/';
+
+    components.clear();
+
+    if (uri.size() == 0 ||
+        uri[0] != URI_SEPARATOR)
+    {
+      throw OrthancException(ErrorCode_UriSyntax);
+    }
+
+    // Count the number of slashes in the URI to make an assumption
+    // about the number of components in the URI
+    unsigned int estimatedSize = 0;
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < uri.size(); i++)
+    {
+      if (uri[i] == URI_SEPARATOR)
+        estimatedSize++;
+    }
+
+    components.reserve(estimatedSize - 1);
+
+    unsigned int start = 1;
+    unsigned int end = 1;
+    while (end < uri.size())
+    {
+      // This is the loop invariant
+      assert(uri[start - 1] == '/' && (end >= start));
+
+      if (uri[end] == '/')
+      {
+        components.push_back(std::string(&uri[start], end - start));
+        end++;
+        start = end;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        end++;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (start < uri.size())
+    {
+      components.push_back(std::string(&uri[start], end - start));
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < components.size(); i++)
+    {
+      if (components[i].size() == 0)
+      {
+        // Empty component, as in: "/coucou//e"
+        throw OrthancException(ErrorCode_UriSyntax);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  void Toolbox::TruncateUri(UriComponents& target,
+                            const UriComponents& source,
+                            size_t fromLevel)
+  {
+    target.clear();
+
+    if (source.size() > fromLevel)
+    {
+      target.resize(source.size() - fromLevel);
+
+      size_t j = 0;
+      for (size_t i = fromLevel; i < source.size(); i++, j++)
+      {
+        target[j] = source[i];
+      }
+
+      assert(j == target.size());
+    }
+  }
+  
+
+
+  bool Toolbox::IsChildUri(const UriComponents& baseUri,
+                           const UriComponents& testedUri)
+  {
+    if (testedUri.size() < baseUri.size())
+    {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < baseUri.size(); i++)
+    {
+      if (baseUri[i] != testedUri[i])
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+
+  std::string Toolbox::AutodetectMimeType(const std::string& path)
+  {
+    std::string contentType;
+    size_t lastDot = path.rfind('.');
+    size_t lastSlash = path.rfind('/');
+
+    if (lastDot == std::string::npos ||
+        (lastSlash != std::string::npos && lastDot < lastSlash))
+    {
+      // No trailing dot, unable to detect the content type
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      const char* extension = &path[lastDot + 1];
+    
+      // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mime_types
+      // Text types
+      if (!strcmp(extension, "txt"))
+        contentType = "text/plain";
+      else if (!strcmp(extension, "html"))
+        contentType = "text/html";
+      else if (!strcmp(extension, "xml"))
+        contentType = "text/xml";
+      else if (!strcmp(extension, "css"))
+        contentType = "text/css";
+
+      // Application types
+      else if (!strcmp(extension, "js"))
+        contentType = "application/javascript";
+      else if (!strcmp(extension, "json"))
+        contentType = "application/json";
+      else if (!strcmp(extension, "pdf"))
+        contentType = "application/pdf";
+
+      // Images types
+      else if (!strcmp(extension, "jpg") || !strcmp(extension, "jpeg"))
+        contentType = "image/jpeg";
+      else if (!strcmp(extension, "gif"))
+        contentType = "image/gif";
+      else if (!strcmp(extension, "png"))
+        contentType = "image/png";
+    }
+
+    return contentType;
+  }
+
+
+  std::string Toolbox::FlattenUri(const UriComponents& components,
+                                  size_t fromLevel)
+  {
+    if (components.size() <= fromLevel)
+    {
+      return "/";
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      std::string r;
+
+      for (size_t i = fromLevel; i < components.size(); i++)
+      {
+        r += "/" + components[i];
+      }
+
+      return r;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+  uint64_t Toolbox::GetFileSize(const std::string& path)
+  {
+    try
+    {
+      return static_cast<uint64_t>(boost::filesystem::file_size(path));
+    }
+    catch (boost::filesystem::filesystem_error&)
+    {
+      throw OrthancException(ErrorCode_InexistentFile);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+#if !defined(ORTHANC_ENABLE_MD5) || ORTHANC_ENABLE_MD5 == 1
+  static char GetHexadecimalCharacter(uint8_t value)
+  {
+    assert(value < 16);
+
+    if (value < 10)
+    {
+      return value + '0';
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      return (value - 10) + 'a';
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  void Toolbox::ComputeMD5(std::string& result,
+                           const std::string& data)
+  {
+    if (data.size() > 0)
+    {
+      ComputeMD5(result, &data[0], data.size());
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      ComputeMD5(result, NULL, 0);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  void Toolbox::ComputeMD5(std::string& result,
+                           const void* data,
+                           size_t size)
+  {
+    md5_state_s state;
+    md5_init(&state);
+
+    if (size > 0)
+    {
+      md5_append(&state, 
+                 reinterpret_cast<const md5_byte_t*>(data), 
+                 static_cast<int>(size));
+    }
+
+    md5_byte_t actualHash[16];
+    md5_finish(&state, actualHash);
+
+    result.resize(32);
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+    {
+      result[2 * i] = GetHexadecimalCharacter(static_cast<uint8_t>(actualHash[i] / 16));
+      result[2 * i + 1] = GetHexadecimalCharacter(static_cast<uint8_t>(actualHash[i] % 16));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+
+#if !defined(ORTHANC_ENABLE_BASE64) || ORTHANC_ENABLE_BASE64 == 1
+  void Toolbox::EncodeBase64(std::string& result, 
+                             const std::string& data)
+  {
+    result = base64_encode(data);
+  }
+
+  void Toolbox::DecodeBase64(std::string& result, 
+                             const std::string& data)
+  {
+    result = base64_decode(data);
+  }
+
+
+#  if BOOST_HAS_REGEX == 1
+  void Toolbox::DecodeDataUriScheme(std::string& mime,
+                                    std::string& content,
+                                    const std::string& source)
+  {
+    boost::regex pattern("data:([^;]+);base64,([a-zA-Z0-9=+/]*)",
+                         boost::regex::icase /* case insensitive search */);
+
+    boost::cmatch what;
+    if (regex_match(source.c_str(), what, pattern))
+    {
+      mime = what[1];
+      DecodeBase64(content, what[2]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      throw OrthancException(ErrorCode_BadFileFormat);
+    }
+  }
+#  endif
+
+
+  void Toolbox::EncodeDataUriScheme(std::string& result,
+                                    const std::string& mime,
+                                    const std::string& content)
+  {
+    result = "data:" + mime + ";base64," + base64_encode(content);
+  }
+
+#endif
+
+
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+  static std::string GetPathToExecutableInternal()
+  {
+    // Yes, this is ugly, but there is no simple way to get the 
+    // required buffer size, so we use a big constant
+    std::vector<char> buffer(32768);
+    /*int bytes =*/ GetModuleFileNameA(NULL, &buffer[0], static_cast<DWORD>(buffer.size() - 1));
+    return std::string(&buffer[0]);
+  }
+
+#elif defined(__linux) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+  static std::string GetPathToExecutableInternal()
+  {
+    std::vector<char> buffer(PATH_MAX + 1);
+    ssize_t bytes = readlink("/proc/self/exe", &buffer[0], buffer.size() - 1);
+    if (bytes == 0)
+    {
+      throw OrthancException(ErrorCode_PathToExecutable);
+    }
+
+    return std::string(&buffer[0]);
+  }
+
+#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
+  static std::string GetPathToExecutableInternal()
+  {
+    char pathbuf[PATH_MAX + 1];
+    unsigned int  bufsize = static_cast<int>(sizeof(pathbuf));
+
+    _NSGetExecutablePath( pathbuf, &bufsize);
+
+    return std::string(pathbuf);
+  }
+
+#else
+#error Support your platform here
+#endif
+
+
+  std::string Toolbox::GetPathToExecutable()
+  {
+    boost::filesystem::path p(GetPathToExecutableInternal());
+    return boost::filesystem::absolute(p).string();
+  }
+
+
+  std::string Toolbox::GetDirectoryOfExecutable()
+  {
+    boost::filesystem::path p(GetPathToExecutableInternal());
+    return boost::filesystem::absolute(p.parent_path()).string();
+  }
+
+
+  static const char* GetBoostLocaleEncoding(const Encoding sourceEncoding)
+  {
+    switch (sourceEncoding)
+    {
+      case Encoding_Utf8:
+        return "UTF-8";
+
+      case Encoding_Ascii:
+        return "ASCII";
+
+      case Encoding_Latin1:
+        return "ISO-8859-1";
+        break;
+
+      case Encoding_Latin2:
+        return "ISO-8859-2";
+        break;
+
+      case Encoding_Latin3:
+        return "ISO-8859-3";
+        break;
+
+      case Encoding_Latin4:
+        return "ISO-8859-4";
+        break;
+
+      case Encoding_Latin5:
+        return "ISO-8859-9";
+        break;
+
+      case Encoding_Cyrillic:
+        return "ISO-8859-5";
+        break;
+
+      case Encoding_Windows1251:
+        return "WINDOWS-1251";
+        break;
+
+      case Encoding_Arabic:
+        return "ISO-8859-6";
+        break;
+
+      case Encoding_Greek:
+        return "ISO-8859-7";
+        break;
+
+      case Encoding_Hebrew:
+        return "ISO-8859-8";
+        break;
+        
+      case Encoding_Japanese:
+        return "SHIFT-JIS";
+        break;
+
+      case Encoding_Chinese:
+        return "GB18030";
+        break;
+
+      case Encoding_Thai:
+        return "TIS620.2533-0";
+        break;
+
+      default:
+        throw OrthancException(ErrorCode_NotImplemented);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  std::string Toolbox::ConvertToUtf8(const std::string& source,
+                                     Encoding sourceEncoding)
+  {
+    if (sourceEncoding == Encoding_Utf8)
+    {
+      // Already in UTF-8: No conversion is required
+      return source;
+    }
+
+    if (sourceEncoding == Encoding_Ascii)
+    {
+      return ConvertToAscii(source);
+    }
+
+    const char* encoding = GetBoostLocaleEncoding(sourceEncoding);
+
+    try
+    {
+      return boost::locale::conv::to_utf<char>(source, encoding);
+    }
+    catch (std::runtime_error&)
+    {
+      // Bad input string or bad encoding
+      return ConvertToAscii(source);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  std::string Toolbox::ConvertFromUtf8(const std::string& source,
+                                       Encoding targetEncoding)
+  {
+    if (targetEncoding == Encoding_Utf8)
+    {
+      // Already in UTF-8: No conversion is required
+      return source;
+    }
+
+    if (targetEncoding == Encoding_Ascii)
+    {
+      return ConvertToAscii(source);
+    }
+
+    const char* encoding = GetBoostLocaleEncoding(targetEncoding);
+
+    try
+    {
+      return boost::locale::conv::from_utf<char>(source, encoding);
+    }
+    catch (std::runtime_error&)
+    {
+      // Bad input string or bad encoding
+      return ConvertToAscii(source);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  std::string Toolbox::ConvertToAscii(const std::string& source)
+  {
+    std::string result;
+
+    result.reserve(source.size() + 1);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < source.size(); i++)
+    {
+      if (source[i] <= 127 && source[i] >= 0 && !iscntrl(source[i]))
+      {
+        result.push_back(source[i]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+
+  void Toolbox::ComputeSHA1(std::string& result,
+                            const void* data,
+                            size_t size)
+  {
+    boost::uuids::detail::sha1 sha1;
+
+    if (size > 0)
+    {
+      sha1.process_bytes(data, size);
+    }
+
+    unsigned int digest[5];
+
+    // Sanity check for the memory layout: A SHA-1 digest is 160 bits wide
+    assert(sizeof(unsigned int) == 4 && sizeof(digest) == (160 / 8)); 
+    
+    sha1.get_digest(digest);
+
+    result.resize(8 * 5 + 4);
+    sprintf(&result[0], "%08x-%08x-%08x-%08x-%08x",
+            digest[0],
+            digest[1],
+            digest[2],
+            digest[3],
+            digest[4]);
+  }
+
+  void Toolbox::ComputeSHA1(std::string& result,
+                            const std::string& data)
+  {
+    if (data.size() > 0)
+    {
+      ComputeSHA1(result, data.c_str(), data.size());
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      ComputeSHA1(result, NULL, 0);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  bool Toolbox::IsSHA1(const char* str,
+                       size_t size)
+  {
+    if (size == 0)
+    {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    const char* start = str;
+    const char* end = str + size;
+
+    // Trim the beginning of the string
+    while (start < end)
+    {
+      if (*start == '\0' ||
+          isspace(*start))
+      {
+        start++;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Trim the trailing of the string
+    while (start < end)
+    {
+      if (*(end - 1) == '\0' ||
+          isspace(*(end - 1)))
+      {
+        end--;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (end - start != 44)
+    {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 44; i++)
+    {
+      if (i == 8 ||
+          i == 17 ||
+          i == 26 ||
+          i == 35)
+      {
+        if (start[i] != '-')
+          return false;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        if (!isalnum(start[i]))
+          return false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+
+  bool Toolbox::IsSHA1(const std::string& s)
+  {
+    if (s.size() == 0)
+    {
+      return false;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      return IsSHA1(s.c_str(), s.size());
+    }
+  }
+
+
+#if BOOST_HAS_DATE_TIME == 1
+  std::string Toolbox::GetNowIsoString()
+  {
+    boost::posix_time::ptime now = boost::posix_time::second_clock::local_time();
+    return boost::posix_time::to_iso_string(now);
+  }
+
+  void Toolbox::GetNowDicom(std::string& date,
+                            std::string& time)
+  {
+    boost::posix_time::ptime now = boost::posix_time::second_clock::local_time();
+    tm tm = boost::posix_time::to_tm(now);
+
+    char s[32];
+    sprintf(s, "%04d%02d%02d", tm.tm_year + 1900, tm.tm_mon + 1, tm.tm_mday);
+    date.assign(s);
+
+    // TODO milliseconds
+    sprintf(s, "%02d%02d%02d.%06d", tm.tm_hour, tm.tm_min, tm.tm_sec, 0);
+    time.assign(s);
+  }
+#endif
+
+
+  std::string Toolbox::StripSpaces(const std::string& source)
+  {
+    size_t first = 0;
+
+    while (first < source.length() &&
+           isspace(source[first]))
+    {
+      first++;
+    }
+
+    if (first == source.length())
+    {
+      // String containing only spaces
+      return "";
+    }
+
+    size_t last = source.length();
+    while (last > first &&
+           isspace(source[last - 1]))
+    {
+      last--;
+    }          
+    
+    assert(first <= last);
+    return source.substr(first, last - first);
+  }
+
+
+  static char Hex2Dec(char c)
+  {
+    return ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') ? c - '0' :
+            ((c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') ? c - 'a' + 10 : c - 'A' + 10));
+  }
+
+  void Toolbox::UrlDecode(std::string& s)
+  {
+    // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percent-encoding
+    // http://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_urlencode.asp
+    // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/154536/encode-decode-urls-in-c
+
+    if (s.size() == 0)
+    {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    size_t source = 0;
+    size_t target = 0;
+
+    while (source < s.size())
+    {
+      if (s[source] == '%' &&
+          source + 2 < s.size() &&
+          isalnum(s[source + 1]) &&
+          isalnum(s[source + 2]))
+      {
+        s[target] = (Hex2Dec(s[source + 1]) << 4) | Hex2Dec(s[source + 2]);
+        source += 3;
+        target += 1;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        if (s[source] == '+')
+          s[target] = ' ';
+        else
+          s[target] = s[source];
+
+        source++;
+        target++;
+      }
+    }
+
+    s.resize(target);
+  }
+
+
+  Endianness Toolbox::DetectEndianness()
+  {
+    // http://sourceforge.net/p/predef/wiki/Endianness/
+
+    uint8_t buffer[4];
+
+    buffer[0] = 0x00;
+    buffer[1] = 0x01;
+    buffer[2] = 0x02;
+    buffer[3] = 0x03;
+
+    switch (*((uint32_t *)buffer)) 
+    {
+      case 0x00010203: 
+        return Endianness_Big;
+
+      case 0x03020100: 
+        return Endianness_Little;
+        
+      default:
+        throw OrthancException(ErrorCode_NotImplemented);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+#if BOOST_HAS_REGEX == 1
+  std::string Toolbox::WildcardToRegularExpression(const std::string& source)
+  {
+    // TODO - Speed up this with a regular expression
+
+    std::string result = source;
+
+    // Escape all special characters
+    boost::replace_all(result, "\\", "\\\\");
+    boost::replace_all(result, "^", "\\^");
+    boost::replace_all(result, ".", "\\.");
+    boost::replace_all(result, "$", "\\$");
+    boost::replace_all(result, "|", "\\|");
+    boost::replace_all(result, "(", "\\(");
+    boost::replace_all(result, ")", "\\)");
+    boost::replace_all(result, "[", "\\[");
+    boost::replace_all(result, "]", "\\]");
+    boost::replace_all(result, "+", "\\+");
+    boost::replace_all(result, "/", "\\/");
+    boost::replace_all(result, "{", "\\{");
+    boost::replace_all(result, "}", "\\}");
+
+    // Convert wildcards '*' and '?' to their regex equivalents
+    boost::replace_all(result, "?", ".");
+    boost::replace_all(result, "*", ".*");
+
+    return result;
+  }
+#endif
+
+
+
+  void Toolbox::TokenizeString(std::vector<std::string>& result,
+                               const std::string& value,
+                               char separator)
+  {
+    result.clear();
+
+    std::string currentItem;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < value.size(); i++)
+    {
+      if (value[i] == separator)
+      {
+        result.push_back(currentItem);
+        currentItem.clear();
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        currentItem.push_back(value[i]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    result.push_back(currentItem);
+  }
+
+
+  void Toolbox::MakeDirectory(const std::string& path)
+  {
+    if (boost::filesystem::exists(path))
+    {
+      if (!boost::filesystem::is_directory(path))
+      {
+        throw OrthancException(ErrorCode_DirectoryOverFile);
+      }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      if (!boost::filesystem::create_directories(path))
+      {
+        throw OrthancException(ErrorCode_MakeDirectory);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  bool Toolbox::IsExistingFile(const std::string& path)
+  {
+    return boost::filesystem::exists(path);
+  }
+
+
+#if ORTHANC_PUGIXML_ENABLED == 1
+  class ChunkedBufferWriter : public pugi::xml_writer
+  {
+  private:
+    ChunkedBuffer buffer_;
+
+  public:
+    virtual void write(const void *data, size_t size)
+    {
+      if (size > 0)
+      {
+        buffer_.AddChunk(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(data), size);
+      }
+    }
+
+    void Flatten(std::string& s)
+    {
+      buffer_.Flatten(s);
+    }
+  };
+
+
+  static void JsonToXmlInternal(pugi::xml_node& target,
+                                const Json::Value& source,
+                                const std::string& arrayElement)
+  {
+    // http://jsoncpp.sourceforge.net/value_8h_source.html#l00030
+
+    switch (source.type())
+    {
+      case Json::nullValue:
+      {
+        target.append_child(pugi::node_pcdata).set_value("null");
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Json::intValue:
+      {
+        std::string s = boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(source.asInt());
+        target.append_child(pugi::node_pcdata).set_value(s.c_str());
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Json::uintValue:
+      {
+        std::string s = boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(source.asUInt());
+        target.append_child(pugi::node_pcdata).set_value(s.c_str());
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Json::realValue:
+      {
+        std::string s = boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(source.asFloat());
+        target.append_child(pugi::node_pcdata).set_value(s.c_str());
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Json::stringValue:
+      {
+        target.append_child(pugi::node_pcdata).set_value(source.asString().c_str());
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Json::booleanValue:
+      {
+        target.append_child(pugi::node_pcdata).set_value(source.asBool() ? "true" : "false");
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Json::arrayValue:
+      {
+        for (Json::Value::ArrayIndex i = 0; i < source.size(); i++)
+        {
+          pugi::xml_node node = target.append_child();
+          node.set_name(arrayElement.c_str());
+          JsonToXmlInternal(node, source[i], arrayElement);
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+        
+      case Json::objectValue:
+      {
+        Json::Value::Members members = source.getMemberNames();
+
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < members.size(); i++)
+        {
+          pugi::xml_node node = target.append_child();
+          node.set_name(members[i].c_str());
+          JsonToXmlInternal(node, source[members[i]], arrayElement);          
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      default:
+        throw OrthancException(ErrorCode_NotImplemented);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  void Toolbox::JsonToXml(std::string& target,
+                          const Json::Value& source,
+                          const std::string& rootElement,
+                          const std::string& arrayElement)
+  {
+    pugi::xml_document doc;
+
+    pugi::xml_node n = doc.append_child(rootElement.c_str());
+    JsonToXmlInternal(n, source, arrayElement);
+
+    pugi::xml_node decl = doc.prepend_child(pugi::node_declaration);
+    decl.append_attribute("version").set_value("1.0");
+    decl.append_attribute("encoding").set_value("utf-8");
+
+    ChunkedBufferWriter writer;
+    doc.save(writer, "  ", pugi::format_default, pugi::encoding_utf8);
+    writer.Flatten(target);
+  }
+
+#endif
+
+
+  void Toolbox::ExecuteSystemCommand(const std::string& command,
+                                     const std::vector<std::string>& arguments)
+  {
+    // Convert the arguments as a C array
+    std::vector<char*>  args(arguments.size() + 2);
+
+    args.front() = const_cast<char*>(command.c_str());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < arguments.size(); i++)
+    {
+      args[i + 1] = const_cast<char*>(arguments[i].c_str());
+    }
+
+    args.back() = NULL;
+
+    int status;
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/275khfab.aspx
+    status = static_cast<int>(_spawnvp(_P_OVERLAY, command.c_str(), &args[0]));
+
+#else
+    int pid = fork();
+
+    if (pid == -1)
+    {
+      // Error in fork()
+#if ORTHANC_ENABLE_LOGGING == 1
+      LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot fork a child process";
+#endif
+
+      throw OrthancException(ErrorCode_SystemCommand);
+    }
+    else if (pid == 0)
+    {
+      // Execute the system command in the child process
+      execvp(command.c_str(), &args[0]);
+
+      // We should never get here
+      _exit(1);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      // Wait for the system command to exit
+      waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    if (status != 0)
+    {
+#if ORTHANC_ENABLE_LOGGING == 1
+      LOG(ERROR) << "System command failed with status code " << status;
+#endif
+
+      throw OrthancException(ErrorCode_SystemCommand);
+    }
+  }
+
+  
+  bool Toolbox::IsInteger(const std::string& str)
+  {
+    std::string s = StripSpaces(str);
+
+    if (s.size() == 0)
+    {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    size_t pos = 0;
+    if (s[0] == '-')
+    {
+      if (s.size() == 1)
+      {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      pos = 1;
+    }
+
+    while (pos < s.size())
+    {
+      if (!isdigit(s[pos]))
+      {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      pos++;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+
+  void Toolbox::CopyJsonWithoutComments(Json::Value& target,
+                                        const Json::Value& source)
+  {
+    switch (source.type())
+    {
+      case Json::nullValue:
+        target = Json::nullValue;
+        break;
+
+      case Json::intValue:
+        target = source.asInt64();
+        break;
+
+      case Json::uintValue:
+        target = source.asUInt64();
+        break;
+
+      case Json::realValue:
+        target = source.asDouble();
+        break;
+
+      case Json::stringValue:
+        target = source.asString();
+        break;
+
+      case Json::booleanValue:
+        target = source.asBool();
+        break;
+
+      case Json::arrayValue:
+      {
+        target = Json::arrayValue;
+        for (Json::Value::ArrayIndex i = 0; i < source.size(); i++)
+        {
+          Json::Value& item = target.append(Json::nullValue);
+          CopyJsonWithoutComments(item, source[i]);
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Json::objectValue:
+      {
+        target = Json::objectValue;
+        Json::Value::Members members = source.getMemberNames();
+        for (Json::Value::ArrayIndex i = 0; i < members.size(); i++)
+        {
+          const std::string item = members[i];
+          CopyJsonWithoutComments(target[item], source[item]);
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  bool Toolbox::StartsWith(const std::string& str,
+                           const std::string& prefix)
+  {
+    if (str.size() < prefix.size())
+    {
+      return false;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      return str.compare(0, prefix.size(), prefix) == 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  int Toolbox::GetProcessId()
+  {
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    return static_cast<int>(_getpid());
+#else
+    return static_cast<int>(getpid());
+#endif
+  }
+}
+