Mercurial > hg > orthanc-book
annotate Sphinx/source/plugins/object-storage.rst @ 708:cd70d23f34bc
Lookup DICOM dictionary in Python scripts
| author | Sebastien Jodogne <s.jodogne@gmail.com> |
|---|---|
| date | Fri, 11 Jun 2021 14:09:21 +0200 |
| parents | 6bc19941ffcd |
| children | 1c1afe3cb037 |
| rev | line source |
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| 451 | 1 .. _object-storage: |
| 2 | |
| 3 | |
| 4 Cloud Object Storage plugins | |
| 5 ============================ | |
| 6 | |
| 7 .. contents:: | |
| 8 | |
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9 Release notes |
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10 ------------- |
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11 |
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12 Release notes are available `here |
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13 <https://hg.orthanc-server.com/orthanc-object-storage/file/default/NEWS>`__ |
| 451 | 14 |
| 15 Introduction | |
| 16 ------------ | |
| 17 | |
| 18 Osimis freely provides the `source code | |
| 19 <https://hg.orthanc-server.com/orthanc-object-storage/file/default/>`__ of 3 plugins | |
| 20 to store the Orthanc files in `Object Storage <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_storage>`__ | |
| 21 at the 3 main providers: `AWS <https://aws.amazon.com/s3/>`__, | |
| 22 `Azure <https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/storage/blobs/>`__ & | |
| 23 `Google Cloud <https://cloud.google.com/storage>`__ | |
| 24 | |
| 25 Storing Orthanc files in object storage and your index SQL in a | |
| 26 managed database allows you to have a stateless Orthanc that does | |
| 27 not store any data in its local file system which is highly recommended | |
| 28 when deploying an application in the cloud. | |
| 29 | |
| 30 | |
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31 Pre-compiled binaries |
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32 --------------------- |
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33 |
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34 These plugins are used to interface Orthanc with commercial and |
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35 proprietary cloud services that you accept to pay. As a consequence, |
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36 the Orthanc project doesn't freely provide pre-compiled binaries for |
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37 Docker, Windows, Linux or OS X. These pre-compiled binaries do exist, |
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38 but are reserved to the companies who have subscribed to a |
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39 `professional support contract |
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40 <https://www.osimis.io/en/services.html#cloud-plugins>`__ by |
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41 Osimis. Although you are obviously free to compile these plugins by |
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42 yourself (instructions are given below), purchasing such support |
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43 contracts makes the Orthanc project sustainable in the long term, to |
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44 the benefit of the worldwide community of medical imaging. |
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45 |
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46 |
| 451 | 47 Compilation |
| 48 ----------- | |
| 49 | |
| 50 .. highlight:: text | |
| 51 | |
| 52 The procedure to compile the plugins is quite similar of that for the | |
| 53 :ref:`core of Orthanc <compiling>` although they usually require | |
| 54 some prerequisites. The documented procedure has been tested only | |
| 55 on a Debian Buster machine. | |
| 56 | |
| 57 The compilation of each plugin produces a shared library that contains | |
| 58 the plugin. | |
| 59 | |
| 60 | |
| 61 AWS S3 plugin | |
| 62 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
| 63 | |
| 64 Prerequisites: Compile the AWS C++ SDK:: | |
| 65 | |
| 66 $ mkdir ~/aws | |
| 67 $ cd ~/aws | |
| 68 $ git clone https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-cpp.git | |
| 69 $ | |
| 70 $ mkdir -p ~/aws/builds/aws-sdk-cpp | |
| 71 $ cd ~/aws/builds/aws-sdk-cpp | |
| 72 $ cmake -DBUILD_ONLY="s3;transfer" ~/aws/aws-sdk-cpp | |
| 73 $ make -j 4 | |
| 74 $ make install | |
| 75 | |
| 76 Prerequisites: Install `vcpkg <https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg>`__ dependencies:: | |
| 77 | |
| 78 $ ./vcpkg install cryptopp | |
| 79 | |
| 80 Compile:: | |
| 81 | |
| 82 $ mkdir -p build/aws | |
| 83 $ cd build/aws | |
| 84 $ cmake -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=[vcpkg root]\scripts\buildsystems\vcpkg.cmake ../../orthanc-object-storage/Aws | |
| 85 | |
| 504 | 86 |
| 87 **NB:** If you don't want to use vcpkg, you can use the following | |
| 88 command (this syntax is not compatible with Ninja yet):: | |
| 89 | |
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90 $ cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DUSE_VCPKG_PACKAGES=OFF -DUSE_SYSTEM_GOOGLE_TEST=OFF ../../orthanc-object-storage/Aws |
| 504 | 91 $ make |
| 92 | |
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93 Crypto++ must be installed (on Ubuntu, run ``sudo apt install libcrypto++-dev``). |
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94 |
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95 |
| 451 | 96 Azure Blob Storage plugin |
| 97 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
| 98 | |
| 99 Prerequisites: Install `vcpkg <https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg>`__ dependencies:: | |
| 100 | |
| 628 | 101 $ ./vcpkg install cryptopp |
| 102 $ ./vcpkg install azure-storage-cpp | |
| 451 | 103 |
| 104 | |
| 105 Compile:: | |
| 106 | |
| 107 $ mkdir -p build/azure | |
| 108 $ cd build/azure | |
| 109 $ cmake -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=[vcpkg root]\scripts\buildsystems\vcpkg.cmake ../../orthanc-object-storage/Azure | |
| 110 | |
| 111 Google Storage plugin | |
| 112 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
| 113 | |
| 114 Prerequisites: Install `vcpkg <https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg>`__ dependencies:: | |
| 115 | |
| 628 | 116 $ ./vcpkg install cryptopp |
| 117 $ ./vcpkg install google-cloud-cpp | |
| 451 | 118 |
| 119 Compile:: | |
| 120 | |
| 121 $ mkdir -p build/google | |
| 122 $ cd build/google | |
| 123 $ cmake -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=[vcpkg root]\scripts\buildsystems\vcpkg.cmake ../../orthanc-object-storage/google | |
| 124 | |
| 125 | |
| 126 Configuration | |
| 127 ------------- | |
| 128 | |
| 129 .. highlight:: json | |
| 130 | |
| 131 AWS S3 plugin | |
| 132 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
| 133 | |
| 134 Sample configuration:: | |
| 135 | |
| 136 "AwsS3Storage" : { | |
| 137 "BucketName": "test-orthanc-s3-plugin", | |
| 138 "Region" : "eu-central-1", | |
| 685 | 139 "AccessKey" : "AKXXX", // optional: if not specified, the plugin will use the default credentials manager (available from version 1.3.0) |
| 140 "SecretKey" : "RhYYYY", // optional: if not specified, the plugin will use the default credentials manager (available from version 1.3.0) | |
| 141 "Endpoint": "", // optional: custom endpoint | |
| 142 "ConnectionTimeout": 30, // optional: connection timeout in seconds | |
| 143 "RequestTimeout": 1200, // optional: request timeout in seconds (max time to upload/download a file) | |
| 144 "RootPath": "", // optional: see below | |
| 145 "MigrationFromFileSystemEnabled": false, // optional: see below | |
| 146 "StorageStructure": "flat", // optional: see below | |
| 147 "VirtualAddressing": true, // optional: see the section related to MinIO | |
| 148 "StorageEncryption" : {} // optional: see the section related to encryption | |
| 451 | 149 } |
| 150 | |
| 464 | 151 The **EndPoint** configuration is used when accessing an S3 compatible cloud provider. I.e. here is a configuration to store data on Scaleway:: |
| 152 | |
| 153 "AwsS3Storage" : { | |
| 154 "BucketName": "test-orthanc", | |
| 155 "Region": "fr-par", | |
| 156 "AccessKey": "XXX", | |
| 157 "SecretKey": "YYY", | |
| 158 "Endpoint": "s3.fr-par.scw.cloud" | |
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159 } |
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160 |
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161 |
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162 Emulation of AWS S3 using MinIO |
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163 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ |
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164 |
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165 .. highlight:: bash |
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166 |
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167 The `MinIO project <https://min.io/>`__ can be used to emulate AWS S3 |
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168 for local testing/prototyping. Here is a sample command to start a |
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169 MinIO server on your local computer using Docker (evidently, make sure |
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170 to set different credentials):: |
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171 |
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172 $ docker run -p 9000:9000 \ |
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173 -e "MINIO_REGION=eu-west-1" \ |
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174 -e "MINIO_ACCESS_KEY=AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE" \ |
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175 -e "MINIO_SECRET_KEY=wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MNG/bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY" \ |
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176 minio/minio server /data |
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177 |
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178 .. highlight:: json |
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179 |
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180 Note that the ``MINIO_REGION`` must be set to an arbitrary region that |
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181 is supported by AWS S3. |
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182 |
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183 You can then open the URL `http://localhost:9000/ |
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184 <http://localhost:9000/>`__ with your Web browser to create a bucket, |
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185 say ``my-sample-bucket``. |
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186 |
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187 Here is a corresponding full configuration for Orthanc:: |
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188 |
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189 { |
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190 "Plugins" : [ <...> ], |
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191 "AwsS3Storage" : { |
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192 "BucketName": "my-sample-bucket", |
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193 "Region" : "eu-west-1", |
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194 "Endpoint": "http://localhost:9000/", |
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195 "AccessKey": "AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE", |
| 506 | 196 "SecretKey": "wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MNG/bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY", |
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197 "VirtualAddressing" : false |
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198 } |
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199 } |
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200 |
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201 Note that the ``VirtualAddressing`` option must be set to ``false`` |
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202 for such a `local setup with MinIO to work |
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203 <https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-cpp/issues/1425>`__. This option is |
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204 **not** available in releases <= 1.1.0 of the AWS S3 plugin. |
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205 |
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206 **Important:** If you get the cryptic error message |
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207 ``SignatureDoesNotMatch The request signature we calculated does not |
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208 match the signature you provided. Check your key and signing |
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209 method.``, this most probably indicates that your access key or your |
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210 secret key doesn't match the credentials that were used while starting |
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211 the MinIO server. |
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212 |
| 464 | 213 |
| 451 | 214 Azure Blob Storage plugin |
| 215 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
| 216 | |
| 217 Sample configuration:: | |
| 218 | |
| 219 "AzureBlobStorage" : { | |
| 220 "ConnectionString": "DefaultEndpointsProtocol=https;AccountName=xxxxxxxxx;AccountKey=yyyyyyyy===;EndpointSuffix=core.windows.net", | |
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221 "ContainerName" : "test-orthanc-storage-plugin", |
| 647 | 222 "CreateContainerIfNotExists": true, // available from version 1.2.0 |
| 502 | 223 "RootPath": "", // see below |
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224 "MigrationFromFileSystemEnabled": false, // see below |
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225 "StorageStructure": "flat" // see below |
| 451 | 226 } |
| 227 | |
| 228 | |
| 229 Google Storage plugin | |
| 230 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
| 231 | |
| 232 Sample configuration:: | |
| 233 | |
| 234 "GoogleCloudStorage" : { | |
| 235 "ServiceAccountFile": "/path/to/googleServiceAccountFile.json", | |
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236 "BucketName": "test-orthanc-storage-plugin", |
| 502 | 237 "RootPath": "", // see below |
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238 "MigrationFromFileSystemEnabled": false, // see below |
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239 "StorageStructure": "flat" // see below |
| 451 | 240 } |
| 241 | |
| 242 | |
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243 Migration & Storage structure |
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244 ----------------------------- |
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245 |
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246 The **StorageStructure** configuration allows you to select the way objects are organized |
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247 within the storage (``flat`` or ``legacy``). |
| 500 | 248 Unlike the traditional file system in which Orthanc uses 2 levels |
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249 of folders, object storages usually have no limit on the number of files per folder and |
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250 therefore all objects are stored at the root level of the object storage. This is the |
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251 default ``flat`` behaviour. Note that, in the ``flat`` mode, an extension `.dcm` or `.json` |
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252 is added to the filename which is not the case in the legacy mode. |
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253 |
| 500 | 254 The ``legacy`` behaviour mimics the Orthanc File System convention. This is actually helpful |
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255 when migrating your data from a file system to an object storage since you can copy all the file |
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256 hierarchy as is. |
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257 |
| 502 | 258 The **RootPath** allows you to store the files in another folder as the root level of the |
| 520 | 259 object storage. Note: it shall not start with a ``/``. |
| 502 | 260 |
| 261 Note that you can not change these configurations once you've uploaded the first files in Orthanc. | |
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262 |
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263 The **MigrationFromFileSystemEnabled** configuration has been for Orthanc to continue working |
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264 while you're migrating your data from the file system to the object storage. While this option is enabled, |
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265 Orthanc will store all new files into the object storage but will try to read/delete files |
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266 from both the file system and the object storage. |
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267 |
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268 This option can be disabled as soon as all files have been copied from the file system to the |
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269 object storage. Note that Orthanc is not copying the files from one storage to the other; you'll |
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270 have to use a standard ``sync`` command from the object-storage provider. |
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271 |
| 508 | 272 A migration script from File System to Azure Blob Storage is available courtesy of `Steve Hawes <https://github.com/jodogne/OrthancContributed/blob/master/Scripts/Migration/2020-09-08-TransferToAzure.sh>`__ . |
| 273 | |
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274 |
| 452 | 275 Sample setups |
| 276 ------------- | |
| 277 | |
| 278 You'll find sample deployments and more info in the `Orthanc Setup Samples repository <https://bitbucket.org/osimis/orthanc-setup-samples/src/master/#markdown-header-for-osimisorthanc-pro-image-users>`__ . | |
| 279 | |
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280 Performances |
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281 ------------ |
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282 |
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283 You'll find some performance comparison between VM SSDs and object-storage `here <https://bitbucket.org/osimis/orthanc-setup-samples/src/master/docker/performance-tests/>`__ . |
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284 |
| 452 | 285 |
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286 .. _client-side-encryption: |
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287 |
| 451 | 288 Client-side encryption |
| 289 ---------------------- | |
| 290 | |
| 291 Although all cloud providers already provide encryption at rest, the plugins provide | |
| 292 an optional layer of client-side encryption . It is very important that you understand | |
| 293 the scope and benefits of this additional layer of encryption. | |
| 294 | |
| 295 Rationale | |
| 296 ^^^^^^^^^ | |
| 297 | |
| 298 Encryption at rest provided by cloud providers basically compares with a file-system disk encryption. | |
| 299 If someone has access to the disk, he won't have access to your data without the encryption key. | |
| 300 | |
| 301 With cloud encryption at rest only, if someone has access to the "api-key" of your storage or if one | |
| 302 of your admin inadvertently make your storage public, `PHI <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_health_information>`__ will leak. | |
| 303 | |
| 304 Once you use client-side encryption, you'll basically store packets of meaningless bytes on the cloud infrastructure. | |
| 305 So, if an "api-key" leaks or if the storage is misconfigured, packets of bytes will leak but not PHI since | |
| 306 no one will be able to decrypt them. | |
| 307 | |
| 308 Another advantage is that these packets of bytes might eventually not be considered as PHI anymore and eventually | |
| 309 help you meet your local regulations (Please check your local regulations). | |
| 310 | |
| 311 However, note that, if you're running entirely in a cloud environment, your decryption keys will still | |
| 312 be stored on the cloud infrastructure (VM disks - process RAM) and an attacker could still eventually gain access to this keys. | |
| 313 | |
| 314 If Orthanc is running in your infrastructure with the Index DB on your infrastructure, and files are store in the cloud, | |
| 315 the master keys will remain on your infrastructure only and there's no way the data stored in the cloud could be decrypted outside your infrastructure. | |
| 316 | |
| 317 Also note that, although the cloud providers also provide client-side encryption, we, as an open-source project, | |
| 318 wanted to provide our own implementation on which you'll have full control and extension capabilities. | |
| 319 This also allows us to implement the same logic on all cloud providers. | |
| 320 | |
| 321 Our encryption is based on well-known standards (see below). Since it is documented and the source code is open-source, | |
| 322 feel-free to have your security expert review it before using it in a production environment. | |
| 323 | |
| 324 Technical details | |
| 325 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
| 326 | |
| 327 Orthanc saves 2 kind of files: DICOM files and JSON summaries of DICOM files. Both files contain PHI. | |
| 328 | |
| 452 | 329 When configuring the plugin, you'll have to provide a **Master Key** that we can also call the **Key Encryption Key (KEK)**. |
| 451 | 330 |
| 452 | 331 For each file being saved, the plugin will generate a new **Data Encryption Key (DEK)**. This DEK, encrypted with the KEK will be pre-pended to the file. |
| 451 | 332 |
| 333 If, at any point, your KEK leaks or you want to rotate your KEKs, you'll be able to use a new one to encrypt new files that are being added | |
| 334 and still use the old ones to decrypt data. You could then eventually start a side script to remove usages of the leaked/obsolete KEKs. | |
| 335 | |
| 336 To summarize: | |
| 337 | |
| 452 | 338 - We use `Crypto++ <https://www.cryptopp.com/>`__ to perform all encryptions. |
| 451 | 339 - All keys (KEK and DEK) are AES-256 keys. |
| 340 - DEKs and IVs are encrypted by KEK using CTR block cipher using a null IV. | |
| 341 - data is encrypted by DEK using GCM block cipher that will also perform integrity check on the whole file. | |
| 342 | |
| 343 The format of data stored on disk is therefore the following: | |
| 344 | |
| 345 - **VERSION HEADER**: 2 bytes: identify the structure of the following data currently `A1` | |
| 346 - **MASTER KEY ID**: 4 bytes: a numerical ID of the KEK that was used to encrypt the DEK | |
| 347 - **EIV**: 32 bytes: IV used by DEK for data encryption; encrypted by KEK | |
| 348 - **EDEK**: 32 bytes: the DEK encrypted by the KEK. | |
| 349 - **CIPHER TEXT**: variable length: the DICOM/JSON file encrypted by the DEK | |
| 350 - **TAG**: 16 bytes: integrity check performed on the whole encrypted file (including header, master key id, EIV and EDEK) | |
| 351 | |
| 352 Configuration | |
| 353 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
| 354 | |
| 355 .. highlight:: text | |
| 356 | |
| 357 AES Keys shall be 32 bytes long (256 bits) and encoded in base64. Here's a sample OpenSSL command to generate such a key:: | |
| 358 | |
| 359 openssl rand -base64 -out /tmp/test.key 32 | |
| 360 | |
| 361 Each key must have a unique id that is a uint32 number. | |
| 362 | |
| 363 .. highlight:: json | |
| 364 | |
| 365 Here's a sample configuration file of the `StorageEncryption` section of the plugins:: | |
| 366 | |
| 367 { | |
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368 "GoogleCloudStorage" : { |
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369 "StorageEncryption" : { |
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370 "Enable": true, |
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371 "MasterKey": [3, "/path/to/master.key"], // key id - path to the base64 encoded key |
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372 "PreviousMasterKeys" : [ |
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373 [1, "/path/to/previous1.key"], |
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374 [2, "/path/to/previous2.key"] |
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375 ], |
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376 "MaxConcurrentInputSize" : 1024 // size in MB |
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377 } |
| 451 | 378 } |
| 379 } | |
| 380 | |
| 381 **MaxConcurrentInputSize**: Since the memory used during encryption/decryption can grow up to a bit more | |
| 382 than 2 times the input, we want to limit the number of threads doing concurrent processing according | |
| 383 to the available memory instead of the number of concurrent threads. Therefore, if you're currently | |
| 384 ingesting small files, you can have a lot of thread working together while, if you're ingesting large | |
| 385 files, threads might have to wait before receiving a "slot" to access the encryption module. |